Evidências de poder expressas em projetos arquitetônicos do Hospital Santa Catarina (1974-2002) / Evidence of power expressed in architectural projects of the Hospital Santa Catarina (1974-2002)

Resumo A arquitetura hospitalar é um elemento disciplinador que contribui para a categorização, a classificação e a individualização dos atores sociais que compartilham esse espaço. Este estudo histórico analisou a trajetória da autoria dos projetos e do fluxo de pessoas, coisas e informação, além da disposição, da denominação e das dimensões dos compartimentos do Hospital Santa Catarina. Os achados foram interpretados à luz da literatura científica encontrada sobre o tema e do referencial teórico de Michel Foucault, o que permitiu compreender como se deram as disputas de poder por esses atores sociais. A enfermagem, um dos grupos presentes nesse espaço ao longo de todo o período estudado, ora ampliou ora teve reduzido o domínio sobre ele, pois ora a enfermagem foi destinada a esse espaço privativamente, ora foi deslocada para áreas onde a vigilância e a observação eram mais difíceis, ora passou a compartilhar espaços antes exclusivos. Essa dinâmica de disputa de poder impactou a qualidade da assistência prestada e as condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract Hospital architecture is a disciplinary element that contributes to the categorization, classification and individualization of social actors that share this space. This historical study analyzed the authorship trajectory of the projects, flow of people, things and information, in addition to the disposition, naming and dimensions of the compartments at the Hospital Santa Catarina. We used the academic literature on the matter as well as Michel Foucault's theoretical framework to interpret the results and understand the power disputes of these social actors. Nursing, one of the groups present in this space throughout the analyzed period, oscillated between increasing and decreasing control over the space. This occurs because their control was assigned privately at times, moved to areas where surveillance and observation were more difficult, or their previously confidential spaces started being shared. This power dispute dynamics affected the quality of care and the working conditions of the evaluated health professionals.

Increasing translation of research evidence for optimal park design: a qualitative study with stakeholders.

BACKGROUND: The design of parks is critical to ensure they are appealing, meet the needs of the community and optimise opportunities for physical activity, relaxation, exposure to nature and social interaction. There is currently a lack of understanding on how research evidence is informing park design and how to reduce the many challenges associated with research-practice-policy translation. Understanding how organisations use evidence for decision-making regarding park design is critical for reducing the research-practice-policy gap and ensuring evidence based strategies inform park design to support healthy active living. This study explored stakeholder perceptions regarding factors that influence the use of research evidence to inform park planning and design, and potential strategies to enhance effective translation of research evidence for optimal park design into policy and practice. METHODS: One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with 23 stakeholders within the park design, planning and management sector. Participants shared experiences regarding: influences on park development and design; current park development policies; ways to facilitate use of evidence; and priorities for future research. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and content analysis performed using NVivo 12. RESULTS: Research evidence is used and considered important for park planning; however, several barriers were highlighted: time and cost constraints; difficulties accessing research; and limited research relevant to specific needs. Developing partnerships between researchers and park developers and providing evidence in a more accessible format such as short summaries/reports, infographics, presentations, research updates and dedicated research databases emerged as key enablers. The main research gaps identified included research into park features to encourage visitation and cost-benefit analyses studies. CONCLUSIONS: This research is a first step to better understand strategies to promote more effective uptake and use of evidence to inform park planning. Researchers must develop multi-sectoral collaborations and generate policy-relevant research in a readily accessible, timely and user-friendly format to ensure evidence is used to enhance park design and ultimately public health.

Evidence-Based Design in Hospital Renovation Projects: A Study of Design Implementation for User Controls.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to investigate and report the implementation of evidence-based design (EBD) principles relating to user controls into hospital renovation projects. BACKGROUND: Progress requires the application of the most recent knowledge and technology. When it comes to the design and construction of healthcare facilities, the latest knowledge comes in the form of EBD research. EBD is the process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes. The desired outcomes of EBD recommendations include improvements to enhance user control. User control factors include the individual control over bed position, air temperature, lights, sound, and natural light. METHOD: A list of recommendations from existing EBD literature related to user controls was compiled. Construction documents from 30 recent healthcare facility renovation projects across the United States were obtained and analyzed. Implementation levels for the EBD categories of user controls were reported. RESULTS: The findings indicate relatively extensive industry use of EBD principles relating to user control of temperature, lights, and natural lighting. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that EBD recommendations related to user controls are being adopted in practice at consistently high levels. These findings also reveal that there are still areas of potential improvement which could inform those who influence or determine building design, codes, standards, and guidelines. The results are helpful to owners, designers, and contractors by providing a glimpse into how well the industry is recognizing and implementing known best practices. The findings likewise introduce new opportunities for further research which could lead to additional improvement in the healthcare facilities of the future.

The Business Case for Evidence-Based Design in Radiology Departments.

Large sums of money are being spent on new construction and remodeling of radiology workspaces, with often disappointing results. Poorly designed radiology environments can contribute to medical error, safety risks to patients and staff, costly inefficiency, and avoidable stress to families and health care workers. Evidence-based design seeks to apply hypothesis-driven, literature-based methodology to the process of creating medical environments that make it easier, not harder, to provide safe and high-quality care to patients. Radiology environments are particularly challenging because of the intimidating size of imaging equipment, the complexity of imaging procedures, and the multiple medical disciplines that often need to work together in shared spaces to provide that care. Evidence-based design projects are currently relatively sparse in the literature. This article provides radiologists and radiology administrators with an introduction to the principles and practice of evidence-based design and a review of the evidence-based design literature specific to radiology workspaces and practice.

Developing Evidence-Based Design Guidelines for Medical/Surgical Hospital Patient Rooms That Meet the Needs of Staff, Patients, and Visitors.

OBJECTIVES: This research investigated medical/surgical (Med/Surg) patient room design to accommodate the needs of hospital staff, while at the same time accommodating the needs of patients and their visitors. BACKGROUND: Designing hospital patient rooms that provide a comfortable healing experience for patients, while at the same time meeting the needs of the hospital staff, is a challenging process. Prior research has shown that many hospital patient room designs adversely affect the ability of hospital staff to perform their tasks effectively, efficiently, and safely. METHOD: Twenty-seven design sessions were conducted in which 104 participants, representing 24 different occupations, worked in small mixed occupational groups to design an ideal single patient Med/Surg patient room to fit their collective needs using a full-scale mock-up. During analysis, the investigators reduced the resulting 27 room designs to 5 hybrid designs that were sequentially reviewed by patients and visitors and by staff to address design conflicts. RESULTS: This design process identified 51 desirable room design features that were incorporated into 66 evidence-based design guidelines for the different areas within the Med/Surg patient room including the entry way (16 guidelines), the patient clinical area (22 guidelines), the bathroom (17 guidelines), the family area (8 guidelines), and storage areas for patients and their visitors (3 guidelines). CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines developed through this study identified many opportunities for improving the design of hospital Med/Surg rooms to allow staff to be more effective, efficient, and safer, while at the same time addressing the design needs of patients and their visitors.

Simulation-Based Mock-Up Evaluation of a Universal Operating Room.

Designing or renovating a physical environment for healthcare is a complex process and is critical for both the staff and the patients who rely on the environment to support and facilitate patient care. Conducting a simulation-based mock-up evaluation as part of the design process can enhance patient safety, staff efficiency, as well as user experience, and can yield financial returns. A large urban tertiary care center located in Vancouver, Canada followed a framework to evaluate the proposed design template for 28 universal operating rooms (ORs) included within the OR Renewal Project scope. Simulation scenarios were enacted by nursing staff, surgeons, anesthesiologists, residents, radiology techs, and anesthesia assistants. Video and debriefing data were used to conduct link analyses, as well as analyses of observed behaviors including congestions and bumps to generate recommendations for evidence-based design changes that were presented to the project team. Recommendations incorporated into the design included relocating doors, booms, equipment, and supplies, as well as reconfigurations to workstations. These recommendations were also incorporated into the mock-up and retested to iteratively develop and evaluate the design. Findings suggest that incorporating the recommended design changes resulted in better room utilization, decreased congestion, and enhanced access to equipment.

Positive Social Interaction by Spatial Design: A Systematic Review of Empirical Literature in Memory Care Facilities for People Experiencing Dementia.

Objective: The objective of this review is to outline a comprehensive set of possible design interventions focusing on spatial and environmental design factors influencing positive social interaction, which is one of the key aspects of quality of life (QoL) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods: This systematic literature review synthesized research evidence from seven databases (after the year 2000) spanning medical and health literature, environmental psychology, architecture, interior design, and evidence-based design literature. Results: The key spatial design characteristics of the facilities shown to affect positive social interaction were as follows: (a) The Physical Environment and Setting; (b) Accessibility, Legibility, and Layout; (c) Social Environment and Network; and (d) Staff-Resident Ratio and Care Philosophy. Conclusion: Several critical spatial design features of the facilities were identified. Spatial design interventions could influence the design decisions for future care facilities and provide designers the guidelines that are generalizable regardless of geographic location of the LTCF.

Using Virtual Reality to Compare Design Alternatives Using Subjective and Objective Evaluation Methods.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to develop a method that supports a more evidence-based approach to evaluating multiple design options in virtual reality (VR), combining subjective insights gathered using traditional approaches and objective feedback gathered using the VR platform. Additionally, this study sought to understand how objective data garnered from the VR platform could be used to compliment traditional evaluation strategies. BACKGROUND: VR can be a viable research platform for supporting evidence-based design practices. Prior studies have predominately utilized experiential user feedback. While able to provide valuable subjective insights, these approaches are less effective in making objective comparisons between multiple designs alternatives. METHOD: A repeated measures study was conducted with nursing faculty. User feedback was captured through surveys, interviews, and the VR platform. RESULTS: The survey, interview, and the objective VR data converged in terms of identifying the highest performing design option. Survey data showed that Room 2 performed best in terms of perceived physical access to supplies, unobstructed movement, and availability of space to accommodate additional equipment. VR data showed that participants in Room 2 had significantly higher visibility to both patient and care partners throughout their simulated interaction. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based evaluations in VR that use a combination of users' subjective insights and objective data obtained from VR can be an effective tool for helping designers evaluate multiple design options. The use of scenario-based simulations provided a structured and clinically relevant approach to comparing three preoperative rooms, supporting a more robust assessment of users' physical response to a simulated healthcare environment.

The Conceptualization of the Natural Environment in Healthcare Facilities: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify how the natural environment (NE) in healthcare has been conceptualized. BACKGROUND: The NE appears to afford significant therapeutic benefits. A clear concept of the NE in healthcare affords a shared understanding from which to advance science to facilitate comparisons across contexts. In this article, the various meanings of the NE were brought together into one framework by which to map its themes and their relationships. METHOD: A scoping review was conducted using database searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane for articles published up to July 2018. The bibliography of the included articles were manually searched for published books. RESULTS: This review includes 137 peer-reviewed articles and research-based books from 27 countries. A conceptual framework was developed to identify five themes that conceptualize the NE in healthcare: (1) definitions of the NE in healthcare, (2) processes of the NE in healthcare, (3) usages of the NE in healthcare, (4) opinions about the NE in healthcare, and (5) NE's impacts on health and work outcomes in healthcare. These themes are filtered by the NE's physical and programmatic designs; changes in one affect the others. Definitions of the NE are described as human-made space, located in the indoors and outdoors, containing elements of nature and designed with the purpose to positively influence humans. Processes are described as the participatory approach in NE's development and its therapeutic goals. Usages are categorized into nature contact, frequency of usage, and accessibility. Opinions are accounted for by perceptions, preference, and satisfaction. Outcomes are related to physical health, mental health and well-being and work. CONCLUSIONS: This framework contributes to the conceptual discussion and emphasizes NE's complementarity to the biomedical healthcare system.

Stroke Patients' Experiences in an Adaptive Healing Room in a Stroke Rehabilitation Unit.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the user experiences (UX) of stroke patients residing in the adaptive healing room (AHR) and compared them to the UX of patients residing in standard private rooms (SPRs). BACKGROUND: Healing environments in healthcare settings can promote patients' healing processes, outcomes, and psychological well-being. The AHR was designed as a healing environment for stroke patients and has been previously evaluated in laboratory settings. This study was the first to evaluate it in its intended context-a stroke rehabilitation unit. METHODS: The UX of 10 patients residing in the AHR and 15 patients residing in SPRs were collected via structured interviews with a set of open-ended questions and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. RESULTS: The AHR design features (orientation screen, skylight, and nature view) were rated positively by most patients. The skylight emerged as the least favorable. Responses to open-ended questions revealed that UX may be further improved if patients have more control over some of the settings (e.g., light intensity and nature views), and if the system allowed for more stimulation for patients at later stages of their recovery. Additionally, the results suggest that patients in the AHR have better UX than patients in the SPRs. CONCLUSION: The AHR has the potential to improve UX in the stroke rehabilitation unit. Patient feedback can be used to refine the AHR before carrying out clinical trials to assess the effect of the AHR on patient outcomes (e.g., sleep, mood, and length of stay) and stroke recovery.

From Competition to Collaboration: How a Multi-Firm Research Coalition Is Realizing Rigorous Facility Evaluation at Parkland Hospital.

This case study presents the process of developing a multi-entity Research Coalition to evaluate the new Parkland Hospital. The field of evidence-based design has made progress in systematically investigating relationships between healthcare facility design and a range of human outcomes. Yet healthcare facility evaluation is not typically included in the scope of building contracts. Lack of clear responsibility for evaluation and limited funding have been long-term barriers that the industry has yet to overcome. Firms engaged in design research at Parkland Hospital agreed with hospital representatives to collaborate on an integrated facility evaluation. Each participating entity contributed resources toward the effort. To formalize shared goals and priorities, the group developed a Research Coalition Charter. Goals included streamlining evaluation efforts to minimize burden on the hospital, leveraging multiple expertise areas to vet research aims and approaches, contributing knowledge to inform healthcare design, and innovating a model for multi-firm collaboration. The Coalition also developed guidelines for sharing data and disseminating research findings. To date, the Research Coalition has achieved key milestones including institutional review board exemption, data use and research collaboration agreements, and data collection. The research aims encompass patient and staff outcomes hypothesized to improve in the new facility. Both primary and secondary data are being analyzed to test the hypotheses. Publications of findings are forthcoming. Collaborative research among competitors may be a viable approach to realizing evaluation that is critical to learning for healthcare facility decision makers and design practitioners.

We Agree, Don't We? The Delphi Method for Health Environments Research.

OBJECTIVE: This overview is intended to provide the process framework for built environment researchers to use the Delphi method. The article outlines the methodological criteria originally established for the Delphi method, as well as commonly accepted modifications, to advance guidance for evidence-based built environment considerations. BACKGROUND: Increasingly used in healthcare research, the Delphi method is a process for gaining consensus through controlled feedback from a panel-a group made up of experts or individuals knowledgeable on the subject. The method is often used where there is limited or conflicting evidence, where participants may be geographically dispersed, and where anonymity is desired to control for dominant individuals. The Delphi method consists of panel selection, development of content surveys, and iterative stages of anonymous responses to gain consensus. Panelists receive feedback after each round in the form of a statistical representation of the overall group's response. The goal of multiple iterations in the Delphi method is to reduce the range of responses and gain expert consensus, which is often seen as more credible than conjecture or individual opinion. CONCLUSION: With a geographic diversity of healthcare design expertise, and with so many aspects of healthcare design lacking a robust body of supporting empirical research, the Delphi method is well-suited to developing evidence-based design recommendations and considerations for healthcare built environments.

[Evidence-based design accreditation and certification program for healthcare architecture reaches Spain]. / La acreditación y certificación del diseño basado en evidencias para la arquitectura sanitaria llega a España.

EDAC stands for Evidence-based Design Accreditation and Certification and identifies individuals able to apply the evidence-based design process for healthcare buildings. This process consists of basing design decisions on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes. What differentiates this design process from others is its emphasis on using research both to inform a priori and to evaluate a posteriori design decision. The evidence-based design term appeared printed for the first time in 2000 but its origins date back to three key factors that happened years before: i) the evidence-based medicine movement, ii) the patientcentred care movement and, iii) a published paper that related a design strategy (the windows of the hospitalisation patient bedroom) with the recovery process of the patients. This scientific link between design and clinical outcomes not only evidenced the potential of architectural design on influencing patients' recovery but also the financial impact for the healthcare institutions. While in other countries evaluation mechanisms are already in place to improve the efficiency and performance of healthcare buildings, in Spain only one person has obtained the EDAC program. To what extent can this knowledge be incorporated into the Spanish design process for healthcare buildings and will this influence architects to confront their social responsibility with the healthcare system?

El acrónimo EDAC corresponde a las siglas inglesas Evidence-based Design Accreditation and Certification e identifica a las personas capaces de aplicar el proceso de diseño basado en evidencias en la arquitectura sanitaria. Este proceso consiste en fundamentar las decisiones de diseño en investigaciones creíbles con el fin de conseguir los mejores resultados posibles. Su principal característica reside en el énfasis del uso de la investigación, tanto para informar a priori como para evaluar a posteriori las decisiones de diseño. El término Evidence-Based Design apareció impreso por primera vez en 2000, aunque sus orígenes se remontan a tres factores clave que sucedieron años atrás: i) el movimiento de la medicina basada en evidencias; ii) el movimiento de los cuidados centrados en los/las pacientes; iii) la publicación de un estudio científico que relacionaba una estrategia de diseño (las ventanas de la habitación de hospitalización) con el proceso de recuperación de los pacientes. Este vínculo empírico entre el diseño y los resultados médicos puso en evidencia no solo el potencial que tiene el diseño arquitectónico en la recuperación de pacientes, sino la repercusión económica que supone para las instituciones sanitarias. Mientras que en otros países ya se utilizan mecanismos de evaluación de la arquitectura sanitaria para mejorar la efectividad de sus infraestructuras, en España tan solo una persona cuenta con la certificación EDAC. ¿Hasta dónde se podría llegar si se incorporara este conocimiento al proceso de diseño y los/las arquitectos/as afrontaran su responsabilidad social para con el sistema sanitario?

Layout Planning in Healthcare Facilities: A Systematic Review.

This study presents a systematic review of the literature on layout planning in healthcare facilities. The review includes 81 articles from journals, conferences, books, and other documents. Articles were classified in two groups according to their main contents including (i) concepts and guidelines and (ii) techniques and tools to assist in layout planning in healthcare facilities. Results indicate that a great variety of concepts and tools have been used to solve layout problems in healthcare. However, healthcare environments such as hospitals can be complex, limiting the ability to obtain optimal layout solutions. Influential factors may include the flows of patients, staff, materials, and information; layout planning and implementation costs; staff and patients safety and well-being; and environmental contamination, among others. The articles reviewed discussed and often proposed solutions covering one or more factors. Results helped us to propose future research directions on the subject.

Utilization of a Standardized Post-Occupancy Evaluation to Assess the Guiding Principles of a Major Academic Medical Center.

Facility planning for healthcare organizations has become increasingly important in recent years, due primarily to the complicated needs of patient rooms and the escalating pressure to provide high-quality care to satisfy patients. Concurrently, there has been a considerable development in the field of evidence-based design (EBD) on the impact the healthcare environment has on patients and the operations of clinical staff. Although tools are being developed to assist in measuring EBD principles, they have not been universally adopted by organizations regarding how they either develop or assess healthcare facilities. This case study focuses on our attempt to implement an internal facilities evaluation process and a Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) on a major Academic Medical Center's (AMC) new bed tower. An assembled auditing team comprised of diverse professional healthcare backgrounds performed an audit on three patient rooms using a Center for Health Design POE Questionnaire. The results of this evaluation were then compared to the guiding principles developed for the hospital during its design. Results indicated that the project narrowly missed the threshold score agreed upon by the AMC's facilities leadership. This project demonstrated the difficulty in implementing a POE without prior experience, while highlighting the value of a standardized evaluation tool to assess past and future facilities projects.

Palliative Design Meets Palliative Medicine: A Strategic Approach to the Design, Construction, and Operation of Healthcare Facilities to Improve Quality of Life and Reduce Suffering for Patients, Families, and Caregivers.

A built environment designed to be appropriate for palliative care can make a profound difference for people with life-limiting illnesses. The built environment affects a patient's quality of life, the management of physical and psychological symptoms, and the quality of social interactions with loved ones and caregivers. This article is informed by the emerging trends in the research and practice in the disciplines of architecture, design, medicine, and nursing. The article is intended to provide a definition of palliative design and invite discussion of its potential impact on patients, families, and caregivers. Our goal is to initiate conversation about palliative design, foster sharing of experiences and feedback among building professionals, and discuss future paths for formal adoption into practice.